Сутегін сақтау технологиялары: жетістіктер, мәселелері және даму болашағы
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18321/cpc23(3)215-232Кілт сөздер:
сутегіні сақтау, интерметаллидтер, металлогидридтер, нанокеуекті көміртек, «spillover» эффектісіАңдатпа
Сутегі ХХІ ғасырдың ең перспективалы энергия көздерінің бірі ретінде қарастырылады, өйткені ол экологиялық таза және тұрақты энергетикаға ықпалдасу перспективасы үлкен. Алайда сутегі энергетикасын кеңінен енгізуді оның тиімді әрі қауіпсіз сақтау технологияларының жеткіліксіздігі тежеп отыр. Бұл жұмыста сутегіні сақтау бойынша қазіргі заманғы тәсілдерге шолу жасалған, атап айтқанда физикалық және химиялық әдістерге, сондай-ақ наноқұрылымды кеуекті материалдарды қолдануға ерекше назар аударылған. Сығылған газ және сұйық сутегі түрінде сақтау сияқты дәстүрлі технологиялар қарастырылған. Олар іс жүзінде қолданылуда, бірақ жоғары энергия шығыны, көлемдік тығыздығының шектеулігі және қауіпсіздік мәселелерімен сипатталады. Қатты денелерде, оның ішінде металлогидридтерде сақтау мәселесіне де көңіл бөлінген, себебі олардың практикалық қолдануда қолайлы перспективті сыйымдылығы бар. Алайда мұндай материалдарды пайдалану сутегіні десорбциялау үшін жоғары температураның қажет болуы, кинетиканың баяулығы және процестердің қайтымдылығының төмендігімен шектеледі. Жаңа бағыттар қатарында нанокеуекті көміртекті материалдарды, оның ішінде биомассадан және дәстүрлі емес шикізаттан алынған материалдарды қолдану атап өтілген. Жоғары меншікті беткі ауданы, дамыған микрокеуекті құрылым және функционалды модификация мүмкіндігі мұндай материалдарды адсорбциялық сақтауда перспективалы етеді. Оптималды жағдайларда 10 мас.% асатын сыйымдылыққа қол жеткізілгенін көрсететін эксперименттік жұмыстардың мысалдары келтірілген. Қорытындылай келе, сутегі технологияларын одан әрі дамыту кешенді тәсілді қажет етеді, оған қолданыстағы жүйелерді жетілдіру, жаңа материалдарды іздеу және жаңартылатын шикізатты пайдаланудың тұрақты технологияларын қолдану жатады.Әдебиеттер тізімі
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